Feminism in Sor Juana Essay - 1191 Words

Feminism in Sor Juana In Estela Portillo Trambley’s play Sor Juana the main character Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz was considered to be one of the earliest feminists. Sor Juana’s eternal struggles to study and unshakable craving for knowledge and wisdom, from whatever source it may be, support this attribute. In my opinion however, there are also significant elements of the play that suggest that Sor Juana would not be considered a true feminist. Of these reasons, there are three major ones that I will analyze. The first reason is that Sor Juana gave up her struggle for the acquirement of knowledge from books and settled for reading from religiously accepted writing, essentially giving up what she had been originally fighting for†¦show more content†¦This whole progression of events is evidence that Sor Juana was never a true feminist. Although she was an assertive and determined young woman earlier in life, Sor Juana learned to accept the way the world was, abandoned what feminist ide als she had had, and devoted her later life to pleasing God and being a good nun. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, as portrayed in Trambley’s play is only concerned with her own desires. She never shows interest in other women’s rights and she never speaks to other women about the idea of equal rights. She does not encourage her fellow females to fight to attend colleges and learn. It is like to Sor Juana, there is no such thing as another woman who desires the same things as she. To me this limits the extent to which Sor Juana could be called a feminist. She never, in any way, attempted to fight for the rights of anyone beside herself, and for no thing besides the freedom to study and become learned. It is much more applicable to refer to Sor Juana as one of the first in a sort of evolutionary linearity of what finally became feminism. At the low end of the evolutionary spectrum are characters like Sor Juana. She was forthright and assertive about what she desired, but she lacked the ability or means to organize or extend her struggle to any topic area that did not directly interest her. When Sor Juana says, â€Å"My journeyShow MoreRelatedThe Influences of Sor Juana and Julia de Burgos2050 Words   |  9 PagesInfluences of Sor Juana and Ju lia de Burgos Most every human being has encountered a time in their life when he or she has felt suppressed. However, not every person has stood up against the people and forces that have kept them oppressed. It takes a truly extraordinary person to stand up for their self and to take a stand for the greater good of others. According to Clare Booth Luce: â€Å"courage is the ladder on which all the other virtues mount.† The Mexican writer, Sor Juana Ines deRead More I, the Worst of All Essay2686 Words   |  11 Pagesxxiii) Lerners words hold true for two women involved in the film I, the Worst of All. Both of them had to reinvent the wheel and show their male contemporaries that women can and will find their way out from under the control of patriarchy. Juana Ines de la Cruz and Maria Luisa Bemberg are separated by three centuries of continuous strife for feminists to affirm feminine subjectivity and feminine values. The struggle was/is doubly difficult because of what they have to face. At the time of

Boeing Organizational Strategy Free Essays

Every company has a certain way that they organize their company. No two companies are run the same or organized the same way. Boeing also has a unique organization strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Boeing Organizational Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is broken up into eight divisions. They are as follows: communications; engineering, operations and technology; finance; government operations; human resources and administration; internal governance; international; and law department. Below is a description of all of the different departments and their purposes. Communications The communications department is in charge of communications between the company and what it refers to as it’s â€Å"stakeholders.† Stakeholders are anyone who has anything to lose or gain from Boeing. Employees, customers, shareholders could all be considered stakeholders. The goal of the communications department is to make sure that the stakeholders hear news about Boeing from them directly, and not from a third party orginazation. Engineering, Operations and Technology The engineering, operations and technology department is responsible for the mechanical part of the Boeing company. They are responsible for ensuring that the products they produce are up to industry standard and represent the company in the way the Boeing wishes to be represented. They are also responsible for managing any technology investments that Boeing may have around the world. Finance The financial department of Boeing is mainly responsible for the monetary side of the company. They keep track of the company’s finances and are in charge of conducting the business that needs to be accomplished. Some of their responsibilities include paying the bills, and collecting on debts when necessary, auditing other departments to ensure accuracy in all financial records and setting budgets for all departments to ensure that the company will continue to prosper. Government Operations The government department is mainly responsible for ensuring that all of the products that Boeing produces and their emissions, the factory emissions, and all things about Boeing are abiding by the law. Human Resources and Administration Human resources and administration is in charge of ensuring that the employees of Boeing are taken care of and that laws are followed when it comes to labor laws and labor unions. Human resources is in charge of hiring people to operate factories and management for the companies. International The international department is in charge of the international aspect of Boeing. They are to ensure that imports and exports follow trade laws and are done correctly. The international department also oversees foreign sales and and laws and regulations that go with it. Law Department The law department is responsible for all aspects of Boeing that have to do with compliance to the laws of the land, whether that be nationally or internationally. It is comprised of lawyers and legal advisors ensuring that the letter of the law is being followed. How to cite Boeing Organizational Strategy, Essay examples

Big Data in Healthcare

Question: Discuss about the Big Data in Healthcare. Answer: Introduction Today, the concepts of big data are a vital aspect of business success; in fact, the services and solutions offered by big data are no longer optional company capabilities but necessities for the survival of big businesses and organisations. This notion is evidenced by the financial and operational edge provided by big data solutions (ATKearney 2017). Studies such as those done by the likes of Bain Company (2013), suggests that over 400 companies around the globe and with revenues of over $1 billion depend on this new technology to deliver their own services. However, what makes it suitable for businesses today as compared to other traditional methods? According to Taylor (CEO FICO) (2013), big data enables organisations to leverage on available data/information to make better decisions. Furthermore, the drive for smarter and better decisions is facilitated by customers information, which is now readily available. Now, this report assess the application of big data solutions and the services they offer to the healthcare sector while comparing them with other traditional data management systems. Through this assessment, processes used to identify big data solutions/technologies are provided as well as the impacts of the said technologies. In general, the term big data refers to data tasks or systems that manage large information assets that normal and conventional database systems are unable to handle. However, through a technical eye, big data will encompass technologies such as NoSQL, MapReduce and even Hadoop which offer solutions to the existing problems of data particularly those that have large volumes of unstructured information (Gaffney 2014). In application, two forms are used; online and offline big data systems. Online systems will have real-time support where data is created, ingested and transformed by the said system. On the other hand, offline systems will perform the same roles but in a batch mode that has an interactive output. Figure 1: Big data outline (Oracle 2013) The modern healthcare facilities and the expenditures involved have forced the industry to adopt systems that are big data driven. These technologies offer increased efficiencies in decision-making processes, which attract more economists and facilitates a rapid pace of innovation. Moreover, the healthcare sector is also guaranteed of other benefits offered by the advanced analytics seen in both online and offline big data systems. Consider the MapR Converged data platform, a platform that offers a wide range of solutions including; a united system that monitors fraud and manages resources, services that streamline system records, and integrates internet of things into the healthcare sector (McDonald 2017). Moreover, sub-components of the application such as UnitedHealthcare are already utilised by more than 51 million people and in over 6100 hospitals across America (McDonald 2017). Differences between online and offline BD system In online big data systems, the data is sourced online, therefore, creating new information. This outcome necessitates low-latency level in order to meet the user requirements more so the SLA stipulations. As an application, online big data will have a wide range of services including; product catalogues, websites, data sensors and analytics, e-commerce among many others. Examples of online big data include; MongoDB and NoSQL (Leone 2013). Offline big data, on the other hand, does not create any new data and instead will use the interactive platform to solve the problems raised by the users. Again, this outcome means they produce static (fixed) solutions that are presented as the end outputs. Therefore, they can go offline without impacting the overall goals of the systems. Examples of offline big data are Spark, Hadoop and other business intelligence tools (MongoDB 2016). Selecting a big data application System performance is always the ultimate goal of any big data application. The leadership in the healthcare sector will have little concerns over the different components of the system so long as it meets its overall objective (Regola, Cieslak Chawla 2013). Similarly, businesses and projects will emphasise on the desired outcome as compared to the elements of the applications. To meet this objective, some items are necessary and must be observed during the selection, they are: Big data platform Architecture components define the capabilities and the analysis aspects met by the big data application. In addition to this, the system architecture will determine the systems organization and functions. Therefore, the system design should come first to determine the overall outline of the big data system. As a good practice, the architecture should be able to consume myriad data sources in an efficient manner. Example: Figure 2: Big data architecture (George 2014) Storage methods Having identified the architecture, its also appropriate to select a storage system based on the size of the data and users. Online or offline system This is a critical assumption that will eventually determine the latency level, therefore, define the application delays. Furthermore, offline applications can also have in-memory solutions, which are faster, and process data at nearly real time pace (George 2014). User accessibility User integration will define the interface considered. For instance, NoSQL databases require certain interfaces to access them. Therefore, the access method should align with the tools used to develop the applications Data type Data serialisation should be considered when using an unstructured approach that includes streaming data such as that found in social media. Data serialisation will facilitate capture and representation of such data, which occurs in high velocity (Millman 2017). System integration If the big data application is set to use an already existing data warehouse, then data integration tools must be considered. As an added advantage, vendors who deal with big data platform will also provide these solutions thus provide a support for the integration process. (Modified from Nick Millman work 2017). Big Data technologies Big data analytics has expanded over the past few years to include mainstream consumers unlike before when it was used by large organisations but with minimal customer impact. Today, big data technologies are categorised based on their demand and the potential for growth. In healthcare, for instance, technologies such as those seen below are used to store and process records. Furthermore, they streamline information captured by sensors or medical machines attached to patients. These features improve examination methods such as the mapping of human genome among other many applications (Singh, Singh, Garg Mishra 2015). Technologies: Column oriented databases (COD) Due to modern volumes of data that are ever growing traditional row-oriented database systems fall short in query performance. This necessitates the importance of COD that use column modules allowing faster query time and improved data compression rates (Rodrigues 2012). NoSQL database A key big data technology that enables data documentation/storage through graph database systems. This technology is appropriate for assessment and analysis, a key practice of business management (Rodrigues 2012). Hadoop An open source platform that is used to handle big data. Moreover, its the most popular method of implementing MapReduce which among its benefits has a high flexibility to function with multiple data sources (Gill Press 2016, Rodrigues 2012). MapReduce Having highlighted it above, its a programming technique that enables users to execute scalable and massive jobs using many different servers. It will function into two steps; one mapping where inputs are converted into datasets of specific values and two, reduce where outputs are combined to form reduced sets of data (Modified from Gill Press 2016). Hive A bridge technology that allows normal BI programs to run queries using Hadoop clusters. Therefore, through its operations it enhances the reach of Hadoop platform improving its application among BI users (Rodrigues 2012). Business Impact of Big Data Information technology has revolutionised business more so by creating an extensive global market. This global marketplace has many supplier and consumers, which have produced the vast amount of information available today. In fact, the volume of data available today doubles every 18 months (IDC 2010). This flood of information is the root concept of big data, which can challenge businesses or provide considerable opportunities. Challenges of big data One of the predominate challenges with big data is poor data quality where businesses are unable to obtain accurate information based on their requirements. In fact, the price of obtaining accurate information is the actual admission fee of entering into the business market (ATKearney 2017). Moreover, when one considers the aggregate challenges that are experienced due to the quality of data, the price of business intelligence becomes significantly high which is a common problem of starting a business. Furthermore, consider other challenges that are produced by this problem; inaccurate prospects, excessive data sources that require extended time for analysis and long development time (IDG Connect 2014). Opportunities Through big data, enterprises can identify and filter customers based on their requirements. This makes the customer the heart of business thus improving the level of customer intimacy, which generally increases the customer base, and in return an organization can increase its revenue. A hospital, for instance, can increase its throughput through efficient management of customer information (ATKearney 2012). Furthermore, with big data services, an enterprise is able to utilise the vast wealth of information collected throughout the years. Unlike before, this unused data is used to produce better products and services that are focused on the customers needs. Therefore, big data increases product innovation a critical element for business survival. Finally, big data can manage business operations through assessment technologies such as those that use sensors and radio frequency identifiers (ATKearney 2017) Organisational Impact of Big Data. Big data is generally thought to improve an organisations performance, however, this impact is dependent on the organisations resources visa vie those of the application used. In some cases, the big data application may lower the productivity of an organisation if its set as the sole managerial product and not as a support mechanism (Ghasemaghaei, Hassanein Turel 2015). According to a study by McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) (2015), most organisations have zero to negative big data impact, as their analytics are limited to tests and shallow analysis in some slices of their businesses. However, in other organisations such as those in the healthcare sector big data increases operational margins by over 60 percent. In addition to this, the US healthcare sector has experienced reduced operational costs of over 8 percent through the services offered by big data especially those of data analytics and quality advancements (Court 2015). Nevertheless, an organisational impact is dictated by the strategy used to capture information that is later used for analysis. As a start, organisation transformation will start with a plan based on the demand at hand. In addition to this, cultural challenges (organisation culture) must be addressed prior to the incorporation of the new data system. This outlook will provide a positive impact on an organisation leading to success. Conclusion Big data services, solutions and technologies offer many benefits as compared to other traditional data management systems. Data analytics a defining characteristic of big data enables organisations to make better decisions that enhance business intelligence. Consider the sector highlighted, the healthcare sector, this industry has been able to forecast patient activities, which have helped them, meet the current medical demand. Today, hospitals and other clinical facilities that use big data technologies such as MapR can increase their services through efficient mechanisms, which in return have increased their throughput. Therefore, when properly selected and implemented, big data increases the overall efficiency of an organisation particularly those in the business sector. References ATKearney, 2012. Big Data and the Creative Destruction of Todays Business Models. Online. Available at: https://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/698536/Big+Data+and+the+Creative+Destruction+of+Todays+Business+Models.pdf/f05aed38-6c26-431d-8500-d75a2c384919 ATKearney, 2017. Big Data: The Next Leading Edge in the Financial Industry. Financial institutions. Online. Available at: https://www.atkearney.com/financial-institutions/ideas-insights/featured-article/-/asset_publisher/4rTTGHNzeaaK/content/big-data-the-next-leading-edge-in-the-financial-industry/10192?_101_INSTANCE_4rTTGHNzeaaK_redirect=%2Ffinancial-institutions%2Fideas-insights Avanade, 2010. Global Survey: The Business Impact of Big Data. Online. Available at: https://www.avanade.com/~/media/asset/point-of-view/big-data-executive-summary-final-seov.pdf Court. D, 2015. Getting big impact from big data. Mckinsey Quarterly. Online. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/getting-big-impact-from-big-data Gaffney. B, 2014. What is Big Data? Himss Clinical and business intelligence. Available at: www.himss.org/file/1242441/download?token=sQoZJ5uB Ghasemaghaei. M, Hassanein. K Turel. O, 2015. Impacts of Big Data Analytics on Organizations: A Resource Fit Perspective. Impact of Data Analytics on Organizational Performance. Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030context=amcis2015 George. L, 2014. Getting Started with Big Data Architecture. Cloudera. Online. Available at: https://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2014/09/getting-started-with-big-data-architecture/ IDG Connect, 2014. Big Data for Marketing Sales: Data Accuracy to Business Impact. Online. Available at: https://info.avention.com/rs/onesource/images/Whitepaper_IDGBigDataForMarketingandSales.pdf McDonald. C, 2017. 5 Big Data Production Examples in Healthcare. Online. Available at: https://www.mapr.com/blog/5-big-data-production-examples-healthcare Millman. N, 2014. 8 considerations when selecting big data technology. Online. Available at: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2475840/big-data/8-considerations-when-selecting-big-data-technology.html MongoDB, 2016. Big Data: Examples and Guidelines for the Enterprise Decision Maker. Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/infomongodbcom/10gen_Big_Data_White_Paper.pdf Oracle, 2013. Oracle: Big Data for the Enterprise. Oracle white paper. Online. Available at: https://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/big-data-for-enterprise-519135.pdf Press. G, 2016. Top 10 Hot Big Data Technologies. Online. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/03/14/top-10-hot-big-data-technologies/#4fbab1f065d7 Regola. N, Cieslak. D Chawla. N, 2013. The Need to Consider Hardware Selection when Designing Big Data Applications Supported by Metadata. Online. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~nchawla/papers/bigdata13.pdf Rodrigues. T, 2012. 10 emerging technologies for Big Data. Tech republic. Online. Available at: https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/big-data-analytics/10-emerging-technologies-for-big-data/ Signh. S, Singh. P, Garg. R Mishra P, 2015. Big Data: Technologies, Trends and Applications. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies. 6(5). Available at: https://ijcsit.com/docs/Volume%206/vol6issue05/ijcsit20150605101.pdf Taylor. J, 2013. Delivering Customer Value Faster With Big Data Analytics. Decision management solutions. Online. Available at: https://www.fico.com/en/wp-content/secure_upload/DeliveringCustomerValueFasterWithBigDataAnalytics.pdf Wegener. R Sinha. V, 2013. The value of Big Data: How analytics differentiates winners. Bain and Company. Online. Available at: https://www.bain.com/Images/BAIN%20_BRIEF_The_value_of_Big_Data.pdf

Smart Growth Defined Essay Example

Smart Growth Defined Essay It aims to: 1) uphold economic growth; 2) hamper or reduce climate change; 3) protect the environment; 4) and 5) support and promote public health (Sustainable.., 2007). It also intends to attain the following: â€Å"an exceptional sense of community and place; enlarge the variety of transportation, employment and housing alternatives; evenhandedly dole out the expenditures and benefits of development; conserve and improve natural and cultural resources; and promote public health† (Sustainable.., 2007).Furthermore, Smart Growth’s principles include the following: 1) â€Å"take advantage of compact building design†; 2) â€Å"strengthen and direct development towards existing communities†; 3) â€Å"provide a variety of transportation choices†; 4) â€Å"preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty and critical environmental areas†; 5) â€Å"mix land uses†; 6) â€Å"make development decisions predictable, fair and cost effective†; 7) â€Å"foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place†; 8) â€Å"encourage community and stakeholder collaboration†; 9) â€Å"create walkable neighborhoods†; 10) â€Å"create range of housing opportunities and choices† (Sustainable.., 2007).The tools that cities can utilize to uphold smart growth include the following: 1) â€Å"local government functions like land-use planning, urban design, development regulations, as well as, the major policy development processes that support the objectives of smart growth; 2) â€Å"strategic plans†; 3) â€Å"district plans†; 4) â€Å"land use plans†; and 5) â€Å"citizen involvement tools† (Sustainable.., 2007).Tools which Could Possibly Be (or Already are) Effective in KuwaitKuwait should â€Å"provide a variety of transportation choices† since traffic is terrible in Kuwait due to the fact that rules are not obeyed (Sustainable.., 2007). Smarth growth is badly needed there.

Leukaemia is an abnormal blood cell that travels through the body, depending on the number and where these abnormal cells collect confirms The WritePass Journal

Leukaemia is an abnormal blood cell that travels through the body, depending on the number and where these abnormal cells collect confirms Introduction Leukaemia is an abnormal blood cell that travels through the body, depending on the number and where these abnormal cells collect confirms Introduction1)   Explain the symptoms that Mrs. Brown has been having? (5 marks)2)   Why did the surgeon ask for a familial match first? (2 marks)3) What tests would be carried out on the donated tissue and recipient tissue? Explain how these tests work the cells that are involved? (8 marks)4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What drugs and treatment might be prescribed to Mrs Brown after the transplant? (5 marks) Related Introduction 1)   Explain the symptoms that Mrs. Brown has been having? (5 marks) Leukaemia is an abnormal blood cell that travels through the body, depending on the number and where these abnormal cells collect confirms what type of leukaemia a person might have and their symptoms. Chronic leukaemias are divided into three groups, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). The difference between the types of chronic leukaemias is the type of white blood cell that has been cancerous. Both CLL and CML leukaemia’s are a slow growing cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells. In CLL the abnormal cells develop from lymphoid blood stem cells and the B cells are cancerous, on the other hand CML is the cause by the change in a chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome in bone marrow cells that leads to overproduction of white blood cells. Under the microscope HCL looks hairy hence the name hairy cell leukaemia which is a cancer of the blood that is caused by abnormal growth of B c ells, this disease can decrease the normal blood cell level. ( [i] Stevens A. 2009 et al) Mrs Brown shows classic symptoms of chronic leukaemia which means many white cells in the blood, leukaemia cells differ from normal white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system that splits into numerous subgroups with different roles in recognising foreign invaders caused by germs such as viruses and bacteria, when the leukaemia cell overload and increase variety it overtake the space where the normal white blood cell where pushing it into a smaller area, it produces itself where the normal white blood cells are produced which is in the bone marrow and this results in fewer normal white blood cells as well as their survival   and gives rise to the symptoms of chronic leukaemia, when such situations occur, it is usually only a matter of time before clear sign of the disease is detectable. Simplified weakness, weight loss, infections which do not heal, bruise, and joint and bone pain. ( [ii]Montague S.E. 2004 el al) Mrs Brown bruises and unhealing infections can be the lack of red blood cells and platelets to carry oxygen around the body. Another reason can be that the normal white blood cells are not under the normal conditions by reason of leukaemia cells, the cells are immature and do not have the ability to fight foreign invaders as like viral infection. The increasing leukaemia cells cannot fight the disease like normal white blood cell. The synthesis of blood platelets requires bone marrow cells (white blood cells) without it will affect the process of blood clotting and resulting in excessive bleeding and dark patches on the skin, which is due to the build up of these immature white blood cell in the bone marrow. This harmfully affected Mrs Brown’s immune system giving her a cold infection. A different symptom of chronic leukaemia is the growth of hypogammaglobulinemia that affects the immune system, it affects the fight against infection by decreasing the level of gamma globulin ([iii] Furine B. 2003 et al). This condition is highly not likely to be the cause of Mrs Brown infections as it tends effect infant’s antibodies. The reason why Mrs Brown is feel discomfort around here her joints and bone is because there is an increased amount of cancerous leukaemia cells present. Also leukaemia releases harmful chemical substance around the abdominal area kidney, liver, spleen thereby organs becoming inflamed consequences to abdominal pain or discomfort explaining why Mrs Brown felt no appetite consequently suffering from plenty of (unexplained) weight loss. ( [iv] Mazza J.J. 2002 et al )   2)   Why did the surgeon ask for a familial match first? (2 marks) The reason why the surgeon asked for a familial match is to determine the most appropriate donor match by marrow transplantation, it is the process where stem cells from a healthy donor is transferred into the patient’s bone then injected into their bloodstream. Mrs Brown would need a transplant surgery in order to cure or treat the chronic leukaemia. There are two main transplants, the autologous bone marrow transplant where the patient (recipient) themselves are the donor and allogenic bone marrow transplant is when the donor is another person and their tissue has matching genetic type as the recipient. The donated bone marrow must match the patients’ cell, ideal donor is an identical twin because there HLA (human leucocyte antigen) combination is identical with that of the patient most often patient’s brother or sister serves since inheriting their parents genes meaning   matching genetic type stem cells. If Mrs Brown doesn’t have any sibling it is mo re likely that a donor could come from family member or who comes from the same racial or ethnic group because the recipient has higher match tissue character and/or matching genetic type. Transplant surgery can be dangerous if not carried out safely it can cause a deadly infection from toxic bacteria by contamination in the tissue before it gets harvest into the recipient. (Montague S.E. 2004 el al) 3) What tests would be carried out on the donated tissue and recipient tissue? Explain how these tests work the cells that are involved? (8 marks) The test that would be carried out on the donated tissue and recipient are ABO blood type, Human leukocyte antigen typing (HLA-typing) and lastly cross-matching transfusion test. A blood type also knows as blood group is a process which accurately exhibits the type of blood group for individual humans. Blood group is recognized by the antigens protein molecules (such as carbohydrates and glycoprotein) that are found on the outer part of the red blood cell (RBC)and antibodies present in plasma. Antibodies and antigens are the natural defense against every foreign antigen however a persons body normally doesnt make antibodies against its own antigens. Blood typing system are used to provide confirmation of   tissue compatibility for bone marrow transfusion, it divides to four categories   type A, type B, type AB and type O. Blood type are   inherited antigenic substances from both parents. Blood type is important during   blood transfusion or an organ transplant, in the case of organ transplants the donors’ organ tissue has to necessity match the recipients blood type, without a positive match the transplant can not be performed because a mismatch   can cause negative response. ([v]Yashon Cummings 2009) Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) creates each person’s tissue unique by proteins on white blood cells. The antigens expressed on the external of the lymphocytes of the donor are matched against the recipient. Human leukocyte antigen typing (HLA-typing) is executed by bone marrow or blood stem cell transplant, it is tested by comparing the persons HLA tissue which are HLA, A, B, C, and DR proteins. The HLA-typing test is used to provide evidence of tissue compatibility and the transplant tolerates by the recipient, siblings are the ideal donor match given that they may have inherited the same HLA type. ([vi] Hoffbrand . 2006 et al) Cross-matching is the concluding stage in the transfusion testing. The blood of the donor with the same ABO and Rh type as the recipient is elected. The procedure of cross-matching involves the patient’s serum having antibodies mixed with donor’s red blood cells (RBCs) containing a particular blood type antigen. If clumping or agglutination occurs the blood is not compatible indicates unwanted antigen-antibody reaction meaning that the serum’s antibodies attacked and attached on the donor’s RBCs antigen. If agglutination does not occur the blood is compatible indicates compatibility between the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood. ([vii] Brandeau 2004 et al) 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What drugs and treatment might be prescribed to Mrs Brown after the transplant? (5 marks) The first step in treating the cancerous white blood cells, is chemotherapy followed after a bone marrow transplant and finishing off with after care drug treatments. Treatment of leukaemia options bases on the type and level of disease and overall health and age of the patient. Chemotherapy is used to kill cancer cells such as chronic leukaemia destroying the patient’s bone marrow a high dose completely destroys the remaining cancer cells in the body. Chemotherapy for leukaemia can involve a single drug or a combination is this is because different drugs show attack to the leukaemia cells in different ways. Example of combination drugs are cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. The drug combination also avoids chronic leukaemia cells from becoming resistant to any one drug. ([viii]Norworthy 2011 et al) When the chemotherapy stage is complete the patient’s blood cell level is low, the requirement of blood and stem cell transfusion is next. In between these two procedures antibiotic drugs are provided this is vital because of a lack of white blood cells in the recipient tissue. Bone marrow transplant or also know as stem cell transplant, is the replacement of the recipient’s diseased bone marrow with donor’s healthy bone marrow. The procedure involves an injection into the bone marrow receiving a mixture of blood forming stem cells that travel to the bone marrow where they originate to produce new red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. ([ix]Ivan 1997) Reference:   Stevens A. Lowe J. Scott I.(2009) Core Pathology, 3th Edition, Mosby Elsevier, UK. Susan M. Hinchliff, Susan E. Montague, Roger Watson.(2004)Physiology for Nursing Practice 2nd Edition, Bailliere Tindall, United Kingdom. Furine B, Cassiileth P.A, Atkins M.B Mayer R.J(2003) Clinical Haematology One Oncology: Presentation, Diagnosis and Treaments.1st Edition, Churchill Livingstone, Hong Kong. Mazza J.J. (2002) Manual of Clinical Haematology, 3th Edition, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Yashon R.K Cummings M.R (2009) Human Genetics Society 1st Edition Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning USA Hoffbrand A.V, Moss P.A.H, Pettit J.E (2006) Essential Haematology, 5th Edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Australia. Brandeau M.L, Sainfort F and Pierskalla W.P (2004)Operations Research and Health Care: A handbook of Methods Applications 1st Edition Kluwer Academic Publishers, United State of America Norwothy G.D, Crystal M.A Tilley L.P (2011) The Feline Patient 4th Eidtion Wiley BlackWell, United State of America, Ivan M. Roitt   (1997) Roitt’s Essential Immunology 9th Edition, Blackwell Science, Australia

How to choose the right employee benefits for you

How to choose the right employee benefits for you When you’re thinking about changing jobs or careers, salary is likely a huge component of your decision. After all, aside from the job itself, what you will earn is one of the most important factors for your personal bottom line. Yet it’s not the end-all-be-all of your employment package. Your job offer package will also include information about benefits, and your workplace will likely also come with perks and programs that are specifically open to you as an employee. Essentially, â€Å"benefits† are your total compensation package for your job. That includes salary, yes, but it also includes things like insurance coverage, time off, retirement plans, and work-life balance tools and programs. These are less tangible forms of compensation that can vary by company, and are often responsible for a lot of your job/company satisfaction. The paycheck is great, but it takes more than that to make a job feel like a good investment on your own part.Let’s look at s ome of the most common benefits. They often vary by company and your employment status (for example, part time jobs often offer fewer benefits than full-time jobs), but here are some of the benefits package highlights you may be considering as part of a job offer.InsuranceHealth Insurance is a big topic these days, to say the least- and that focus on employer-provided healthcare catapults it to the top of the list of important benefits to understand and consider as part of a new job. Health insurance is common for full-time jobs- less so for internships, contract gigs, or part-time jobs, but not unheard of. Employers typically have a contract with a specific insurance provider and offer employees a choice of plans within that insurance company’s options. The employer subsidizes some of the cost of the employee’s health insurance plan, with the employee typically paying a set amount per pay period to cover the plan costs. You may not be able to negotiate much on the hea lth insurance front because employers are required to provide certain options to all employees, but you can certainly ask about what kind of coverage and plans a company offers during the negotiation phase.Medical healthcare insurance is not the only type you may encounter: some employers also offer dental insurance, disability insurance, mental health insurance, vision insurance, or life insurance. Disability and life insurance can be especially important if there are risks associated with your job, so it’s important not to forget those when considering a benefits package.Vacation and Personal DaysAlong with insurance, vacation is the other crown jewel in the benefits crown. Employees need a break, and companies know that it’s in their interest to offer a certain number of paid vacation days per year. This can vary widely by industry and company, but vacation days are often a negotiation point if the company is unwilling to negotiate much on salary or insurance.When t hinking about vacation days, it’s essential to ask about how each company handles them:Do vacation days accrue throughout the year, or do you have your full number of vacation days on your start date/the first day of the year?Can you roll vacation days over if you don’t use them all in one year, or does the company have a â€Å"use it or lose it† policy stating that unused vacation time goes â€Å"poof† after a certain date?Does the company compensate the employee for unused vacation days if the employee leaves before the vacation days are used for the year?Additionally, the company may offer â€Å"personal† days off that aren’t necessarily vacation or sick days, but can be used for employees to attend to personal issues, like appointments or personal obligations.Flexible Work ArrangementsSome companies may offer alternatives to the 9-to-5-at-your-desk grind. For example, it might be possible to work remotely or to adjust hours to create a s horter work week to accommodate childcare, personal time, or other needs. (For example, working 10-hour days Monday through Thursday in order to have Fridays off.) This kind of benefit really depends on how the company is structured and the demands of your job. If you’re expected to be in the office for client meetings or to provide a particular service, this may be a non-starter. But if your job is heavily email-based or you can do it be teleconferencing in for meetings, it could be a good option.Flexible work arrangements are a good negotiating piece if the employer isn’t willing to budge very far on salary.Family BenefitsMany companies offer benefits geared toward employees with family obligations (children, taking care of relatives, etc.). This may mean on-site childcare or opportunities to work from home to spend more time with children. Many companies also have a relationship with specific daycare providers and can offer employees discounts or incentives.Itâ€⠄¢s important to note that companies cannot discriminate against employees based on family status, so it’s in your interest to take advantage of family-friendly benefits as necessary. And even if it’s not really a factor for you at the time you take a job, you never know if it will be something you need in the future, so it’s best to get a sense up front about your new company’s family policies.Some companies will also help pay adoption or foster care expenses for parents who choose this option for their families.Paid LeaveBy law (specifically, the Family and Medical Leave Act), companies that have more than 50 employees are required to provide up to three months of unpaid leave for a personal or family medical issue, and parental leave for the birth of a child. Additionally, some states have requirements about paid leave, so definitely check your state’s requirements.Beyond that, many companies have policies where they offer certain types of paid leave for personal reasons, going beyond the current laws. There may be paid leave for personal or family issues, as well as a certain number of weeks of parental leave when a child is born. And although many companies are now broadening paternal leave policies to match maternal leave, it’s important to see how- or whether- your company differentiates between the two when it comes to parental leave.Sick days often fall under this heading- some companies offer a certain number of paid sick days per year, while others don’t necessarily track the number of paid sick days until you hit a certain number.Retirement PlansLike health insurance, retirement investment plans are among the most common types of employment benefits you’ll see. In these plans (including 401(K)s, Roth IRAs, 403(B)s, and similar investment plans), employees can set aside a certain amount of their pre-tax salary toward retirement funds. Some companies also have a â€Å"matching† program, w here they’ll match an employee’s own contributions and contribute that same amount to the employee’s retirement account (usually capped at a set amount each year). This matching is not a given, however, so definitely ask as part of your initial benefits conversation with your company.These retirement plans often have strict rules, like penalties for withdrawing funds before the employee is a certain age or limits on how much can be contributed/withdrawn in a single year.Relocation ExpensesIf your new job is in your current town, great- you likely won’t need to uproot your life to take it. If you’re moving to a new place for this job, or changing locales in general, it’s important to ask about whether the company provides any relocation expenses. This can include covering moving costs like transportation, temporary housing, or other incidental costs that can come up in the course of moving from one place to another.If a company offers relocat ion expenses, it may offer a percentage of your initial salary, a flat amount marked for moving expenditures, or the entire cost of the move.Professional DevelopmentOnce a company has invested in you as an employee, it makes sense that they would also have an interest in making sure you grow and improve professionally. To that end, many companies offer built-in benefits geared toward helping you learn more about your field or picking up skills that will help you advance. This could be a yearly budget for attending seminars or conferences (including travel) or money earmarked for classes or other professional development programs. For example, it’s unlikely that your job will pay you to learn German if you won’t be visiting the Berlin office, but that management seminar might be an easy sell.Tuition ReimbursementIf you’re in school while also working, your company may offer a program that reimburses you for full or partial education expenses. This could be a stan dalone course or workshop, or full-time enrollment at a college or university. It’s more common to see official tuition reimbursement programs at big companies, but even small ones might be willing to negotiate flexible work time or reimbursement plans on a smaller level.If tuition reimbursement is relevant to you, it’s crucial to understand what the company’s policies are- for example, does the coursework need to be related to your specific job/field, or will they reimburse a broader range of classes?As you can see, benefits can help turn your job from â€Å"new job† into â€Å"established part of my life.† There are ways for a company to compensate beyond the bottom-line salary number, and the more you know about the different kinds of compensation, the more ammo you’ll have for negotiating for more and better benefits.

Honor Killing by Stoning Innocent yet Inconvenient Essay

Honor Killing by Stoning Innocent yet Inconvenient - Essay Example The nature of the crime seems to have involved a lot of ideologies. Soraya Manutchehri, who was thirty five years of age by then, happened to have been the victim talked about in this case. Not to forget is that she was also a mother of seven. She was considered an â€Å"inconvenient wife† due to her own prophetic words (Sahebjam, 2011). This came about after she was forced into a marriage at a tender age of thirteen and was left with no choice but to get married to a trivial criminal by the name Ghorban –Ali. Soraya who got married to a twenty year old man, managed to bear nine children despite the kind of tribulations she went through (Ebert, 2011). Her husband being a criminal did all sorts of evil things that made her life uncomfortable but still made no move fore she had no powers having been forced by some external powers or ideologies that she could not run away from (Muchelemba, 2003). In the lawless days of the Iranian revolution, Sorayas husband found a fourte en year old girl who he was planning to marry having met her in a town where he was employed as a prison guard (Sahebjam, 1994). Being that polygamy was encouraged in Ayatolla Khomeini’s Iran, Ghorban had to find ways of divorcing her first wife Soraya as he was tired of her (Saigeon & Sapergia, 2009). Divorce was also allowed but Ghorban did not want to return Soraya’s dowry (Saigeon, 2011). Due to this, he was left with no other alternative but to accuse Soraya of infidelity. The accusation was backed by Ghorban’s cousin even though he did not have any evidence to support his back up (Green, 1920). Soraya after the accusations was convicted by the â€Å"sharia† court and had to serve a death sentence by stoning (Green, 1920). The village or nation did not practice freedom of speech especially to the feminine. Existence of freedom of speech could have helped Soraya out of the mess. The idea of free speech is one of the most controversial issues in libera l societies and in case the liberty to express oneself is not greatly valued, as has been the case in most states, there is no problem since freedom of expression is merely condensed in errand of other values. When free speech is valued extremely it becomes a variable issue due to the fact that it is only at this point when the precincts placed upon freedom of speech become contentious. The right to free speech is one of the dearest rights an individual has as a citizen of the United States of America and is also practiced in other continents including Africa. Liberty to speech is a human right that provides people with a chance to express their feelings and opinions of what they think that it should take place. Throughout history such rights have been questioned and exercised, and have produced extremely positive things in a number of cases. The questioning of these rights is not isolated to one era of time; they have been questioned several times in the history of man and in dissi milar manner. Currently, individuals have been going on rampage on the roads and streets usually complaining about the right to speech and this was the case even in the colonial era hence it is very important to put into mind individuals wished that their voice should be heard and so long as it is carried out in a diplomatic mode it became lawful, though it led to colonialists’ punishment. It is true that people have never queried whether or not these rights

Social Life in Popular Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Life in Popular Music - Essay Example Actually, certain rock and blues songs gained popularity in certain epochs. So, being popular is not just being meaningless or pop. In fact, in a given period of time and in certain circumstances popularity is gained by representatives of different musical genres. Consequently, it can be noticed that popular music is determined by consumerism and dynamic and cannot be limited by the genre of pop. Furthermore, several examples of political nature of popular music are analyzed. Firstly, the question of identity and music is risen. In terms of creation certain subcultures such a music power is clearly noticed. In fact, it is a special environment which surrounds a certain genre of music and unites a certain self-identification with the society. In particular, it can be seen in the way popular music creates ideals for them and encourages to change the world. Moreover, it is evident that for some people being a music fan is more important than their ethnicity or gender. Thus, the nature of popular music is deeply political. Then, the very ability to transform one’s self-identification in the society is transcended on the global level. Here, world music charts are surely supporting contemporary cultural imperialism which is evident in the political context. Actually, the very ability of music to cross the borders enables this role for it. For instance, cases of Cuban and Turkish music reveal a significant influence of Western trends and international music companies on them. Moreover, in Cuba this impact is even more powerful than local cultural effects. And so, it is evident that popular music is reflecting all the main political trends in the world on the global level. Finally, the real cases of causal linkage between popular music and political actions should be discussed.

Wine - Yeast Essay Example for Free

Wine Yeast Essay I. Introduction Wines have been one of the favorite beverages in the world. Many Europeans nowadays prefer wine to water as a daily beverage like their ancestors many centuries ago, despite of its bad effects in the health when consumed excessively. Different varieties of the grapes and strains of yeast produce different type of wine. Wines are alcoholic beverage that is usually made from grapes and other fermented juice like apples and berries. The fermentation takes place in the district origin, according to local tradition and practice. Only a relatively small area of the world is â€Å"wine producing. † This is because the grapes will only provide juice of the quality necessary for conversion into a drinkable wine where there must be enough sun to ripen the grape and the winter must be moderate, yet sufficient cool. Wines, which are widely known to be a delicious beverage, are also known for its significant uses. II. Body A. Definition of Wine Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice and other fruits, such as apples and berries. The English word â€Å"wine† comes from the Proto-Germanic â€Å"*winam,† an early borrowing from the Latin vinum, â€Å"wine† or â€Å"grapewine,† itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *win-o. Although other fruits can be fermented, the resultant â€Å"wines† are normally named after the fruits from it produce, like apple wine or elderberry wine, and are generically known as fruit or country wine. Others are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer more than wine, such as barley wine and rice wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these cases, the use of the term â€Å"wine† is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process. The commercial use of the English word â€Å"wine,† and its equivalent in other language, is protected by the law in many jurisdictions. B. History of Wines Archeological evidences suggest that the earliest known production of wine took place from sites in Georgia and Armenia from as early as 8000 – 6000 BC. These locations are all within the natural area of the European grape Vitis vinifera. Dr. Patrick McGovern and his colleagues analyzed the heritage of more than 110 modern grape cultivars through an extensive gene-mapping project in 2006, and narrowed their origin to a region in Georgina, where also wine residues were discovered on the inner surfaces of 8000-year-old-ramic storage jars in Shulavari, Georgina. In his book â€Å"Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture,† McGovern proposes modern-day Georgia and Armenia as the likely sites of the domestication of the Eurasian wine grape some 8000 years ago. Winemaking spread south out there with wines being produced in northwest Iran and Haiji Firuz Tepe by 5400 BC. A little more than 4,000 years later, Near Eastern wine culture had evolved to the point where amphoras found in the palace of Amenhotep III in western Thebes noted vintage, quality, appellation, and even the purpose or occasion for the blend. The very oldest known evidence suggesting wine production in Europe and second oldest in the world comes from archeological sites in Greece also contain remnants of the world’s earliest evidence of crushed grapes. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine which they required it for the Mass. In places like Germany, beer was banned and considered pagan and barbaric while wine consumption was viewed as civilized and a sign of conversion. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. And old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining while from bastard – bad or tainted bastardo wine. Viticulture foundation the Romans laid in the land that today are world renowned wine regions is one of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire. Areas with Roman garrison towns, like Bordeaux, Trier, and Colchester, the Romans planted vineyards to supply local needs and limit the cost of long distance trading. In India, viticulture has a long history dating back to the time of the Indus valley civilization where grapevines are believed to have been introduced to Persia sometime in the 5000 BC. The first known mentioning of grape-based wines in the late 4th century BC is the writings of Chanakya who was the chief minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his writings, Chanakya condems the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his courts frequent indulgence of a style of grape wine known as Madhu. Wine became a part of recorded history in Egypt, which plays an important role in ancient ceremonial life. Traces of wine were also found in China, dating back from the second and first millennium. A 2003 report by archeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixes with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the early years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolothic sites in Jianhu, Henan contained traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the regions, such as hawthorn, can not be ruled out. If these beverages, which seem to be precursors of rice wine, included grapes rather than other fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grapes in China, rather from vitis vinifera, which were introduced into China some 6000 years later. C. Processes in Winemaking. Winemaking or vinification, is the production of wine, starting with selection of the grapes or other produce and ending with bottling the finished wine. Although most wine is made from grapes, it may also be made from other fruit or non-toxic plant material. Enology is the science of wine and winemaking and the oldest known winemaking operation was discovered in a cave in Armenia, estimated to be 6,100 years old. There are two general categories in winemaking: still wine production (without carbonation) and sparkling wine production (with carbonation). Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the equator. The world’s southernmost vineyards are in the Central Otago region of New Zealand’s South Island near the 45th parallel south, and the northernmost are in Flen, Sweden, hust north of the 50th parallel north. 1. Choosing and harvesting the grapes Grapes grow on vines. There are many different types of grapes, but the best wine grape is the European vitis vinifera. It is considered optimal because it has the right balance of sugar and acid to create a good fermented wine without the addition of sugar or water. Vitis vinifera includes all varieties of European origin. Weather is a major factor in determining whether a year is going to be a â€Å"good vintage† (or â€Å"year†). In northern hemisphere, grapes are harvested from early September to early November while mid February to early March in the southern hemisphere. In some cool areas in the southern hemisphere, like Tasmania, harvesting extends to May. Grapes are harvested during the cool morning. The wine grape grower plays a game of chance to winemakers yearly. They must decide when exactly they must harvest to be able to produce fine wines. Simplistically, if they knew it wasn’t going to rain, they would test the Brix (level of sugar) until it was just right, then harvest. If they harvest too soon, they may probably end up getting a wine too low in alcohol content which there won’t have enough sugar to convert to alcohol. These wines will be â€Å"thin. † And if they delay the harvesting, there may be too sugar which leads to too low acid content. This also affects the taste and the aging possibilities of the wine. Harvesting grapes are done through mechanical or manual. The winemakers typically made the decision to harvest grapes and informed by the Brix, acid (Titratable Acidity as expressed by tartaric acid equivalents) and pH of the grapes. Other considerations include phonological ripeness, berry flavor, tannin development (seed color and taste). Overall disposition of the grapevine and weather forecast are taken into account. 2. Initial processes After the grapes have been picked and transported to the winery, certain preparatory steps must be taken before the actual winemaking can begun. Cleanliness and sanitation are essential for good winemaking, as troublesome bacteria can cause disastrous result. Upon arriving at the winery, grapes are treated with 50-70 ppm of free sulfur dioxide. This process is called sulfating, and inhibits the unwanted and wild yeast species on the grapes. Grapes are crushed to get the juice through Pigeage (stomping on it with feet in a big vat). But the easier and more practical way is to use machine which does the crushing and at the same time, removes the stems. Some grapes may bypass the stemmer/crusher and go directly to the process for whole berry pressing. However, the decision about destemming is different for red and white winemaking. Generally, when making white wine, the fruit is only crushed, the stems are then placed in the press with the berries. The presence of stems in the mix facilities pressing allow the juice to flow past flattened skins. These accumulate at the edge of the press. For red winemaking, stems of the grapes are usually removed before fermentation since the stem has relatively high tannin content; in addition to tannin they can also give the wine a vegetal aroma (due to extraction of 2-methoxyl-3-isopropylpyrazine which has an aroma reminiscent of green bell peppers). On occasion, the winemakers may decide to leave them in if the grapes themselves contain less tannin than desired. This is more acceptable if the stem have ripened and started to turn brown. If increase skin extract is desired, a winemaker might choose to crush the grapes after destemming. Removal of stems first means no stem tannin can be extracted in these cases the grapes pass between two rollers which squeeze the grapes enough to separate the skin and pulp, but not so much as to cause excessive shearing or tearing of the skin tissues. In some cases, notably with â€Å"dalicated† red varietals, all or plant of the grapes might be left uncrushed (called â€Å"whole berry†) to encourage the retention of fruity aromas through partial carbonic maceration. 3. Fermentation Through the process of fermentation, the grape juice is turned into alcohol. Grapes on the vine are covered with yeast, molds and bacteria. By putting grape juice into a container at the right temperature, yeast will turn the sugar in the juice into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The grape juice will have fermented. Fermentation is carried out in stainless steel vessels. Yeast also gives flavor to the wine. But the yeast that is on the grape skin when it is harvested may not have the desire flavor. Other things on the outside of a grape are not good for the wine like the acetic bacteria on the grapes which can cause the wine to turn into vinegar. The winemaker can eliminate unwanted yeast’s molds and bacteria, most commonly by using the â€Å"universal disinfectant,† sulfur dioxide. Unfortunately, the sulfites which remain in the wine may cause a lot of discomfort to some wine drinkers. Some winemakers prefer not to do this, and purposely create wines that are subject to the vagaries and different flavors of the yeast that pre-exist on the grapes. The winemakers have many different yeast strains to choose from (and can use strains at the different times during the process for better control fermentation). Saccharomyces is the most common wine yeast. This is a good point to stop and mention â€Å"Brett,† also known as the Brettanomyces strain of yeast (which can be added or come from wild yeast fermentation). As yeast works, it causes grape juice or â€Å"must† to get hot. But if theres too much heat, the yeast wont work. Cooling coils are necessary to maintain a temperature below 30 degrees Celsius. Placing in small oak barrels is still widely used in fermenting wine, even if it is less modern. â€Å"Barrel fermentation is usually done at a lower temperature in temperature controlled rooms and takes longer, perhaps around 6 weeks. The longer fermentation and use of wood contributes to the flavor (and usually expense) of the wine. The skins and pulp which remain in a red wine vat will rise to and float on top of the juice. This causes problems, so the winemaker will push this cap back down into the juice, usually at least twice a day. If it dries out, it’s a perfect breeding ground for injurious bacteria. In large vats, pushing the skin and pulp back down into the juice is accomplished by pumping juice from the bottom of the vat over the top of the cap. Eventually the yeast is no longer changing sugar to alcohol though different strains of yeast, which can survive in higher and higher levels of alcohol, can take over and contribute their own flavor to the wine as well as converting a bit more sugar to alcohol. After all this is completed what you have left are the wine, dead yeast cells, known as lees and various other substances. The winemakers may choose to allow a white wine to undergo a second fermentation which occurs due to malic in the grape juice. When malic acid which is due to bacteria in the wine, it is known as â€Å"malo-lactic fermentation,† which imparts additional flavor to the wine. A buttery flavor in some whites is due to this process. This process is used for sparkling wines. 4. First racking When the fermentation is completed naturally or stopped by the addition of distilled spirit, first racking is carried out. This involves the wine to stand still until most yeast cells and fine suspended material settle out. Then without disturbing the sediments or the yeast, the wine is filtered. 5. Aging The winery may then keep the wine so that there can be additional clarification and, in some wines, to give it a more complex flavors. Flavor can come from the chemicals that make up the wood and are taken up into the wine. The wine is aged in stainless steel tanks. In some instances, the wine is put into oak barrels where it will continue its development until bottling. It may be barrel aged for several months to several years where no air is allowed to enter the barrels during those periods. Ignoring any additional processing that might be used, winemakers could empty the barrels into bottles and sell the wine. However, during the winery aging, the smaller containers may develop differences and the winemaker will probably blend wine from different barrels to achieve a uniform result. The winemaker may also blend together different grape varieties to achieve desired characteristics. 6. Filtration Filtration in winemaking is used to accomplish two objectives: clarification and microbial stabilization. In clarification, large particles that affect the visual appearance of the wine are removed. In microbial stabilization, organisms that affect the stability of the wine are removed therefore reducing the likelihood of re-fermentation or spoilage. Stabilization with respect to tartarates may involve chilling of wine than can be crystallized tartarates and these crystals can be removed by filtration. 7. Pasteurization It may be heat pasteurized or cold pasteurized if the wine has an alcoholic content of less than 14% through microporous filters just before bottling. 8. Bottling Different shaped bottles are often use by the winemakers to denote different types of wine. Colored bottles help to reduce damage by light because light assists in oxidation and breakdown of the wine into chemicals, such as mercaptan, which are undesirable. Bottle sizes can also vary. A final dose of sulfite is added to help preserve the wine and prevent unwanted fermentation in the bottle. The wine bottles then are traditionally sealed with a cork, although alternative wine closures such as synthetic corks and screwcaps, which are less subject to cork taint, are becoming increasingly popular. The final step is adding a capsule to the top of the bottle which is then heated for a tight seal. 9. Storing Wine cellars, or wine rooms if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wines. In an active wine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate control system. Passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled and so much be carefully located. Wines can maintain their quality and in some cases improve aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age when properly stored. Some wine experts contend that the optimal temperature for aging wine is 55  °F (13  °C), others 59  °F (15  °C). Wine refrigerators offer an alternative to wine cellars. They are available in capacities ranging from small 16-bottle units to furniture pieces that can contain 400 bottles. Wine refrigerators are not ideal for aging, but rather serve to chill wine to the perfect temperature for drinking. These refrigerators keep the humidity low, usually under 50%, which is below the optimal humidity of 50% to 70%. Lower humidity levels can dry corks out over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle and reduce the wines quality. D. Classifications of Wines 1. Table wines Table wines, also called still or natural wines, are consumed mostly with food, they tend to compliment the meal. It is the largest category. The alcoholic strength may be between 9% and 15%, by volume. The wines may be: †¢Red: being fermented in contact with grape skins from which the wine gets it color. Normally dry wines. †¢White: usually produced from white grapes, but the grape juice is usually fermented away from the skins. Normally dry to very sweet. †¢Rose: made in three ways – from black grapes fermented on the skins for up to 48 hours; by mixing red and white wines together; or by pressing grapes so that some color is extracted. It may be dry or semi-sweet. These are called blush wines in the USA when made wholly from grapes. 2. Sparkling wines These are wines that have undergone a second fermentation and thus become effervescent. Semi-sparkling wines are known by the term â€Å"petillant. † Sparkling wines have varying degrees of dryness and flavor and contain 10 to 14 percent alcohol. It includes: champagne, sparkling Burgundy, and sparkling Moselle and are available from France, Spain, Italy, and many other country. 3. Fortified wines Fortified wines, such as Sherry, Vermouth, Port, and Madeira, are most commonly drunk before or after meals. It has been strengthened by the addition of alcohol, usually a grape spirit. Fortified wines are also frequently used in cooking. Fortified wines are known within the European Union as a liqueur wines or vins de liqueur. Their alcoholic strength may be between 15% and 22%, by volume. Flavored and fortified wines are called Aromatized wines. 4. Organic wines These wines are known as â€Å"green† or â€Å"environmentally friendly† wines, are made from grapes grown without the aid of artificial insecticides, pesticides or fertilizers. The wine itself will not be adulterated in any way, save for minimal amounts of the traditional preservatives, sulphur dioxide, which is controlled at source. 5. Alcohol-free, de-alcoholized and low alcohol wines These wines are made in the normal way and the alcohol is removed by hot treatment – distillation – which unfortunately removes most of the flavor as well, or, more satisfactory, by a cold filtration process, also known as reverse osmosis. This removes the alcohol by mechanically separating or filtering out the molecules of alcohol through membranes made of cellulose or acetate. To do this, at a later stage, water and a little must are added, thus attempting to preserve much of the flavor of the original wine. The alcohol-free has the maximum content of 0. 05%, de-alcoholized has the maximum of 0. 05%, and the low alcohol has the maximum of 1. 25% alcohol. 6. Vins doux naturales These are sweet wines that have had their fermentation muted by the addition of alcohol in order to retain their natural sweetness. Muting takes place when the alcohol level reaches between 5% and 8%, by volume. They have a final alcohol strength of about 17%, by volume. E. Tasting of Wines Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up chemical compounds similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar present in the wine. Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. The sommelier, as well as having an extensive knowledge of the wine list, should have a good knowledge of the characteristics of the different wines offered. To ensure this, the sommelier must know the correct approach to tasting wine. Experienced tasters can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape and flavors that can result from other factors in winemaking. Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such as estors and terpenes that a grape juice and wine can contain. Typical international flavor elements in wine are those imparted by aging in oak casks; chocolate, vanilla, or coffee almost always come from the oak and hot the grape itself. Tasting may be said to be an analysis of wine by senses. It is the appreciation by the senses of the qualities of a wine: †¢Sight: indicating the clarity and color of the wine. †¢Smell: determines the banquet of a wine by means of a vigorous swirling in the glass. †¢Taste: allows detection of the aroma in the mouth. Banana flavors (isoamyl acetate) are the product of yeast metabolism, as the spoilage aromas such as sweaty, barnyard, band and rotten egg. Some varietals can also have a mineral flavor due to the presence of water0soluble salts (like limestones). Wine aromas come from volatile compound in the wine that is released into the air. Vaporization of these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass of serving the wine at room temperature. For red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinon and Beaujolais, many people prefer them chilled. The taste-character of wine is detected in different parts of the mouth but especially by the tongue: sweetness at the tip, acidity on the upper edges, saltiness at the sides, and bitterness at the back. Dryness and sweetness are immediately obvious, as is acidity, which generally provides liveliness and crispness. Astringency or tannin content, associated with some red wines, will give a dry coating effect especially on the teeth and gums. The combination of smell and taste gives what is often termed â€Å"flavor. † This might be for example, the amount of tannin content in the wine, its degrees. of dryness or sweetness, whether it is a light or heavy bodied wine, etc. To appreciate the tasting of wine to the full, the taster must work in the correct environment. That is: †¢No noise to distract the taster †¢Good ventilation to eliminate odor †¢Sufficient light, not artificial, but daylight if possible †¢Temperature of the room at about 20 °C (68 °F) The glass, that must be the correct shape, is the tool of the taster. A wine glass with a stem and of sufficient capacity should be fairly wide but narrowing at the top. This allows the â€Å"elements† making up the bouquet to become concentrated and thus better assessed. The wine glass should never be filled to more than one-third capacity to allow the taster to swirl the wine around the glass more easily. It goes without saying that the tasting glass should be spotlessly clean. F. Uses of Wines 1. In dishes Wines are popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range of European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, for the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated and complex. Wine is important in cuisines not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes. Red, white, and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are known as light wines because they are only 14-20% alcohol content, by volume. Aperitif and dessert wines contain 14-20% alcohol, and sometimes fortified to make them richer and sweeter. And fortified wines are frequently used in cooking. 2. In traditions and religions Wines are also used in religious ceremonies in many cultures and wine trade is of historical importance for many regions. Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus are usually thought to have uses wine as an entheogen. Wines play an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The Kiddush, a blessing said before starting the first and second Shabbat or festival meals and Havdallah, a blessing said after the Shabbat or festival are required to say over wine if available. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is also required to drink four cups of wine. In the Tabernacle and in the Temple of Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. It is not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception which contributes to the myth of the blood libel. A blessing over wine said before indulging in the drink is: â€Å"Baruch atah Hashem elokeinu melech haolam, boray p’rec hagafen† (Praised be the Eternal, Ruler of the Universe, who makes the fruit of the vine). In Christianity, wine or grape juice is used in a sacred rite called Eucharist, Lord’s Supper, or Communion, which originates in Gospel accounts of the Last Supper when Jesus shared bread and wine with his disciples and commanded his followers to â€Å"do this in remembrance of me. † Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations, which Roman Catholic believing that the bread and the wine are changed into real body and blood of Christ. Wines were used in the rite by all Protestants groups until an alternative arose in 1869. Methodist minister-turned-dentist Thomas Bramwell Welch applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of the grape juice. The substitution of grape juice for wine spread quickly over much of the United States in Protestant rites, although the beverage is usually called wine in accordance with scriptural references. Some Christians who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice. There remains an ongoing debate between some American Protestant denominations as to whether wine can or should be used in moderation for the Eucharist or as a regular beverage. The use of wine is forbidden under Islam. Iran used to have a thriving wine industry that disappeared after the Islamic revolution. G. Health Effects of Wines The health effects of wine (and alcohol in general) are the subject of considerable ongoing study. In the USA, a boom in red wine consumption was initiated in the 1990s by 60 Minutes, and other news reports on the French paradox. The French paradox refers to the lower incidence of coronary heart disease in France than in the USA despite high levels of saturated fat in the traditional French diet. Epidemiologists suspect that this difference is attributed to the high consumption of wines by the French; however this suspicion is based on limited scientific evidence. Population studies have observed a J curve association between wine consumption and the risk of heart disease. This means that abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, whilst moderate drinkers have a lower risk. Population studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective, though the association is considerably stronger for wine. These studies have found a protective effect from both red wine as well as white wine, though evidence from laboratory studies suggests that red wine may possess superior health benefits including prevention of cancer due to the fact red wine contains more polyphenols than white wine due to the production process. A chemical called resveratrol is thought to be at least partly responsible for red wines health benefits, as it has been shown to exert a range of both cardioprotective as well as chemoprotective mechanisms in animal studies Resveratrol is produced naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, which includes exposure to yeast during fermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it generally contains lower levels of resveratrol. Other beneficial compounds in wine include other polyphenols, antioxidants, and flavonoids. Red wines from South of France and Sardinia Italy have been found to have the highest levels of procyanidins — the compounds in grape seeds responsible for making red wine good for the heart. Wines from France and Sardinia have between two and four times as much procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called endothelin-1 that constricts blood vessels. A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti-bacterial agents against strains of Streptococcus. Interestingly, wine has traditionally been used to treat wounds in some parts of the world. While evidence from both laboratory studies as well as epidemiological (observational) studies suggest wines cardioprotective effect, no evidence from controlled experiments — of which long-term studies are still ongoing — currently exists to determine the specific effect of wine or other alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Moreover, excessive consumption of alcohol including wine can cause some diseases including cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism. Sulphites in wine are not a problem for most people, although some people, particularly people with asthma, can experience adverse reactions to them. Although G. M. Pasinetti, S. S. Percival, et al discovered that cabernet sauvignon red wine reduces the risk of Alzheimers Disease, the researchers at Germanys Gottingen University found that wine damages hippocampus more than other alcohols among diagnosed alcoholics. III. Conclusion Wine is defined to be an alcoholic beverage that is made from the fermentation of grape juice or â€Å"must† and other fruits like berries and apples. The word comes from the Proto-Germanic â€Å"winam. † The term â€Å"wine† is a reference to the higher alcohol content and the commercial use of it and its equivalent in other language is protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Wines have a rich history, dating back around 8000 BC and are thought to have originated in the areas now within the borders of Armenia, Georgia, and Iran. Wine first appeared in Europe at about 4500 BC in Balkans, and was common in Ancient Greece, Thrace, and Rome. Wine had been also in the recorded history of India, Egypt, and China and had been one of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire. In winemaking or vinification, wines are produced starting with choosing and harvesting of the grapes where the grapes are selected and harvested through machines or hands, to the initial processes of the grapes and fermentation of wines were the grape juice are turned into alcohol, to the first racking where the wines are allowed to stand still, then the wines will aged in stainless tanks or oak barrels and filtration to accomplish clarification and microbial stabilization. Pasteurization will be followed where wines can be heat or cold pasteurized, then bottling and lastly, wines are stored in wine cellars or wine rooms. Wines are classified as the following: Table wines, Sparkling wines, Fortified wines, Organic wines, Alcohol-free, de-alcoholized and low alcohol wines, and Vins doux naturales. Wines are classified through the way they are fermented, their alcohol content, and their uses. Wine tasting is the examination and evaluation of wines through the senses of sight, smell, and taste. Wine tasting should be done in a room that is silent, well-ventilated, well-lighted, and that has a temperature of about 20 °C or 68 °F. Wines are used in dishes especially in European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, and it is not only used as a beverage but also a flavor agent and a cooking tool. Also, wines are used in religions and traditions; it is used in Christian Eucharist ceremonies, the Jewish Kiddush, Islam, and Protestants. In health, wines causes coronary heart disease which abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk while moderate have a lower risk. It is also found that other alcoholic beverage may be cardioprotective through the association that is considerably stronger that wine. Red wine suggest through the evidence.

Scene Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock’s Film Shadow of a Doubt Essay examp

Scene Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock’s Film Shadow of a Doubt Alfred Hitchcock’s film Shadow of a Doubt is a true masterpiece. Hitchcock brings the perfect mix of horror, suspense, and drama to a small American town. One of the scenes that exemplifies his masterful style takes place in a bar between the two main characters, Charlie Newton and her uncle Charlie. Hitchcock was quoted as saying that Shadow of a Doubt, â€Å"brought murder and violence back in the home, where it rightly belongs.† This quote, although humorous, reaffirms the main theme of the film: we find evil in the places we least expect it. Through careful analysis of the bar scene, we see how Hitchcock underlies and reinforces this theme through the setting, camera angles, and lighting. One of the most important elements of this scene, which can be overlooked, is the setting. An unpleasant confrontation between the protagonist and antagonist takes place inside a bar of all places. This scene is crucial because it is the first time we are completely taken into Uncle Charlie’s world. The bar acts as a liminal space for the audience to enter into his personality. It is also the first time the two main characters have a confrontation about Uncle Charlie's dark life. It should be noted that until this point most of the scenes between the Charlies have been in domestic and safe places. The bar is a complete contrast to Santa Rosa’s all-American values and standards. The director most likely set this conversation in a bar because of the negative connotations that are associated with such a place, which perfectly match the personality of Uncle Charlie. The setting also underlies the menacing nature of the conversation between the Charlies. Just as the setting is importan... ...ing Charlie's close-ups portrays a delicate glowing face, which appears frightened and angelic, an obvious contrast to the shadowy right side of her Uncle's face. The lighting scheme on the Uncle's face is a classic cinematic device revealing the duality of his personality. And again we are brought back to duality, one of the most popular themes among this director's films. Through his choice of setting, camera angles and lighting, Hitchcock makes the conversation at the bar a pivotal scene. The audience and young Charlie are finally brought into Uncle Charlie’s world. This scene’s contrast to the stereotypical American town is what makes this scene so important. Even though Uncle Charlie was able to conceal his true self from most of Santa Rosa, a few people saw him for what he really was. Just like there is a bar in every American town, there is evil as well.

Main Causes of Culture Shock Essay

Stepping out of one’s comfort zone is not an easy step to take, not to mention stepping into a foreign land. Culture shock is one of the very common problems many face, especially when travelling abroad. For the purpose of this essay, the term â€Å"culture shock† refers to the unfamiliar feeling of a new atmosphere when in another country. It also refers to the ability to adapt experience and accept another country’s culture. The main reasons of culture shock are difference in values, loneliness, as well as daily life challenges. To begin with, one of the main causes which contribute to the feeling of culture shock is due to the difference in values. Values may differ in terms of religion, laws, traditions, and customs. Many embarking on a journey to a foreign land have to accept and learn the foreign country’s values in order to be able to enjoy the richness of the local culture. However it may seem to be very difficult to accept the new values as it differs too much from another country’s culture, thus causing culture shock. A good example would be that many international students might have difficulties adopting the new values which the foreign country adopts, and might feel homesick due to the culture shock. Therefore, the difference in values is one of the main causes of culture shock. In addition, another cause of culture shock is due to the feeling of loneliness. The feeling of loneliness can cause many adverse effects, causing depression and anxiety. Many suffer from culture shock due to loneliness because, like a child in school for the first time, there are no familiar faces to be seen anywhere. It is a frightening experience as in a foreign land there might be a language barrier and a difference the lifestyle which may hinder the process of socialising and cause loneliness. A good example would be when international students live in home stays they might feel a sense of loneliness due to the fact that the environment in the home stay as well as the food served differs a lot from the student’s home back in their homeland. Therefore, loneliness is indeed another main cause of culture shock. The last and most important cause of culture shock is the daily life challenges. Like a fish out of the water, it is a very new environment when in a foreign country. The weather, transport, language to speak in becomes a challenge, as each country has its own individuality. It can be a daily struggle for many to adapt to these major differences and would take awhile to get used to the new environment. A good example would be that many migrants would take at least a month to climatise to the new temperatures as unlike Saudi Arabia with extremely hot weathers, countries like New Zealand have very cold temperatures. Thus, daily life challenges are the most important reason for culture shock as it is not easy to adapt to a new environment. To sum it up, culture shock is caused by the contrasts in beliefs and principles, it is also caused by the initial stages of feeling isolated from home and lastly it is also caused by the problems faced on a day to day basis. Perhaps the most important reason is the problems faced on a day to day basis. This is so as it would cause a significant amount of inconvenience and adapting to the individual for a period of time, thus undergoing a transition period to cope with culture shock.

Duality of Jekyll and Hyde Essay

Focusing on the opening and closing chapters, how does Robert Louis Stevenson explore the conflict of duality in human nature in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. ‘The Strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ is a book published in a Victorian society with strict moral codes. This was also a time of discovery and science, and tension between religion and science was constantly rising. In this book you can infer that religion doesn’t bring answers or contentment, but also a warning to the use of science, and what could become of it. The book explores the duality of a man, Dr Jekyll, and how neither science nor religion brought him salvation. The duality in Jekyll and Hyde is represented by Jekyll and Hype as good and evil. The cause of why Jekyll made the potion was to satisfy his inner desires, but was prevented because of â€Å"the high views I had set before me, I regarded and hid them with an almost morbid sense of shames†. This quote from Jekyll explains that, because of the strict moral codes, and high respectability, Jekyll was unable to fulfil his desires without dishonouring his name, and so buried his fascinations away, showing self control. â€Å"These polar twins†¦ continuously struggling†, describes the duality fighting in Jekyll mind before he split himself. The â€Å"polar twins† is cleverly used and the two poles (Arctic and Antarctic) are on two different sides of the world, in two different hemispheres of the earth. This could be that the poles are so far apart, but similar in climate, so closer than they might think, as is the case for the 2 sides of Jekyll, and each is strugg ling to gain power over the other. To avoid dishonouring himself, he split his good and evil personalities, so only one side of himself could be threatening his good or neutral name, but where Jekyll possessed normal human self control, Hyde had none. What actually happens to Jekyll, once he had taken the potion, was that it allowed both his evil and his good sides to roam free, with little consequences. Until the changes start to get out of control, and Jekyll’s grasp over Hyde alters in Hyde’s favour. Jekyll becomes addicted to the use of the potion, and leads to a twisted world of murder, deception and death. The physical change from Jekyll to Hyde is described by Jekyll as â€Å"grinding in the bones, deadly nausea, and a horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth or death†. Jekyll’s alteration is show through mainly his pain in the description. â€Å"Grinding in the bones† sets the scene with not just visual, but audio. It describes the cringing sound of the change more than the appearance. Also, â€Å"deadly nausea† is possibly a symptom or side effect of the potion that causes sickness and confusion during the event, and Stevenson used ‘deadly to emphasise the pain. At the time where religion was being doubted, Jekyll chose the opportunity to play god with science. Some certain, powerful phrases use both spiritual and scientific vocabulary and references, such as ‘Horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth and death’; this phrase is important to comparing the scale of what Jekyll had just disc overed. It illustrates that both birth and death are a major event, and play a big part of a living organism’s life, which God was believed to have controlled and kept balance of good and evil, whether it’s the birth and death of us, or of someone who was a part of our lives. Yet, Jekyll was able to manipulate the power of science to over through God’s rule and will, pushing boundaries no one had dared dreamed of reaching before. Comparing a scientific discovery, and what happens when using that discovery, would imply that it was on a grand scale of great importance. Also, events such as birth and death tend to be painful experiences, so it could also link into the pain of such event. However, from Lanyon’s narrative, he describes the changing from Jekyll to Hyde slightly more viciously, which also gives us insight into what it is like from someone else’s point of view. ‘Staring with infected eyes, gasping with open mouth.’ The description of ‘infected eyes’, seem as though it would be slightly exaggerated. When thinking of ‘infected’, we usually think of illness. This is probably, from what we can imply, what Lanyon thought it was. Also, ‘gasping with open mouth’, could be panic from Jekyll, for regrettably knowing that once again e is unleashing Hyde back into the world. However, other meanings can be interpreted. If someone was to ‘gasp with open mouth’, you would expect somebody to be doing this during their death, therefore symbolising that it was the death of Jekyll, and the re birth of Hyde. Although Jekyll thinks the potion is a solution, there are also long term effects of using the potion, and what happens. Jekyll begins to get addicted, to some extent, to the freedom and unlimited boundaries of Hyde’s power. Little does Jekyll know that the more times he uses the potion, the more powerful Hyde becomes over Jekyll, which results in Hyde coming and going as he pleases. The contrasting descriptions of Jekyll and Hyde, and also the reactions caused by their appearances link to the confliction between the two characters, Jekyll and Hyde, are similar from the people who meet them. Nearer the end of the novel, a constant battle is taking place, and Stevenson is able to show duality of Jekyll through confliction of the contrasting personalities, trapped by one another’s limits. As Jekyll is a doctor, it is his choice of career that he is able to help, and heal people, and once again representing good. Whereas Hyde makes doctors, who are obliged not to judge people, and help in any circumstance, â€Å"turn sick and white with the desire to kill†. If just one look at Hyde makes a healer want to kill, his personality must match his appearance. In contrast, Jekyll is physically described as â€Å"extremely handsome†, â€Å"well proportioned† and with† every mark of capacity and kindness†. The physical description of this character reflects on the reaction other people treat him with. Also, as Jekyll is a well respected doctor, his personality is expected to match his appearance. This is also the case with Hyde, however, he doesn’t get the same judgments as Jekyll gets. Hyde is described as â€Å"pale and dwarfish†, giving an â€Å"impression of deformity† and â€Å"Satan’s signature upon a face†. From these descriptions, we can see why his was disliked so much, and Hyde’s personality reflected his features to every last detail. Stevenson used the phrase â€Å"Satan’s signature upon a face†, which is related to religion, and ties in nicely with the books theme. Where people may say their faces are blessed by god, this phrase is implying that Hyde’s face was blessed by the devil, giving the impression that he is hideous, because Satan left his mark on him. Stevenson also explores the hidden duality in this book is doors and windows. At the beginning of the book, many questions are asked and are hidden behind doors. For instance, Hyde’s house is described at the beginning as â€Å"two stories high; showed no window, nothing but a door†¦ A blind forehead of discoloured wall†¦ And bore in every feature, the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence. The door†¦ Was blistered and distained†. The language used to describe Jekyll’s house was also very interesting. Utterson described this house referring to Hyde’s influence, but also as if it was a person. â€Å"Blind forehead†¦ every feature†¦was blistered† are all ways we would somehow describe a human, which nicely links into the idea of the doors hiding and almost keeping secrets, and windows openly showing themselves. The house is also hidden and secluded around a back alley, out of view from the public, and very secretive, and it had no windows, and windows are let you see what is going on, they have no secrets. Through this idea of doors and windows, reflects also on the people. Before Hyde was entered into the picture, Jekyll was a very open and honest man. His door was always open. As Hyde’s power begins to grow, we can see that Jekyll becomes more engulfed and isolated in his own home because of his secret, and finds it hard to let anyone in, even people, such as Utterson, whom he trusted with his life. As the book goes on, doors are opened to show that questions are being answered, but there is also a physical use for the doors and windows. Jekyll’s house is very welcoming on a main street. The courtyard behind the house links to Jekyll’s house. Hyde is allowed to come and go as he pleases through the back door, creating even more mystery and arousing suspicion with occupants of the house. Basically, the front of the house was the well respected, first impression view, but the back was hidden, so could not be judged by who came and went. At the time in the book, where science has failed to provide any answers, Jekyll turned his head back towards religion. We can see this taking place when Jekyll â€Å"had fallen upon his knees and lifted his clasped hands to God†. At this point, Hyde’s power had grown beyond any imagination, or plight for help as Jekyll barely has control of himself, let alone Hyde. I think this quote symbolises how desperate Jekyll had become, from being a man of science, to resorting to religion to ease his soul and conscience. Other characters of interest the book also represent some of the themes to the book, but more subtly. For example, on chapter one, Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield are described as unlikely friends because nobody could see what they shared in common, they would go on walks every Sunday and â€Å"Set aside occasions of pleasure, but even resisted calls of business, that they might enjoy them uninterrupted†. This links to Jekyll and Hyde because no one can see why they are associated with one another, such as Jekyll leaving Hyde everything in his will, but Utterson couldn’t understand why. The hypocrisy of the hidden duality in the book is demonstrated not just through Jekyll and Hyde, but through other, fairly decent characters as well. We can only assume that from the book, Hyde’s influence causes people to change. For example, in the first chapter, ‘Story of the Door’, Hyde tramples a young girl. Mr. Enfield, who witnessed this crime, blackmailed Hyde by saying â€Å"we could and would make such a scandal out of this, as should make his name stink from one end of London to the other†¦ We screwed him up to a hundred pounds for the child’s family†. Even though Enfield had told Hyde it was wrong to blackmail, but they did it anyway. There is also hypocrisy in how Dr. Jekyll’s experiment backfires. After the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, Jekyll had given Utterson his word that he had gone and was not coming back. The hypocrisy of it all is that even though he had prevented Hyde taking power over him again, the temptation was too great, and went back to using the potion and increasing Hyde’s strength. I also think hypocrisy is shown through Jekyll’s head butler, Poole. As he is in charge of those lower than him, such as other butlers and maids, he encourages them not to ask too many questions, as that is what their job requires. However, Poole goes out to get Utterson for help, and does ask questions about what is going on with his master, and by doing so, he is being hypocritical. To conclude, I think that Robert Louis Stevenson explores the conflict of duality in the human nature in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ by his clever use of themes and language to engage different meanings. We can gather that from the background conflict of science and religion, that Stevenson was using the warnings and deceitfulness of the two to show that neither is right or wrong. He explains â€Å"that man is not truly one, but two† and was able to put this into context by using the gothic horror genre so that people would understand and want to read. In the end, I think that the main theme of duality in the book is not just a theory, but a belief, and that the only thing that man has to fear, is man itself.